Google
Believe it or not, the gigantic, ever-growing cluster of servers that power Google's search and other apps runs Linux. Of course, in typical fashion, Google was not content to simply run an out of the box version on its own hardware. Instead, the search giant had its engineers cook up a customized version of Ubuntu referred to within the company as "Goobuntu." Linux is also frequently used internally on desktop machines, beyond its use on Google servers.
IBM
In addition to doing development work on Linux itself, IBM is known to use it internally on desktops and servers. IBM also ran a TV ad campaign in 2006 called "IBM Supports Linux 100%."
Panasonic
Electronics giant Panasonic is another household name company to use Linux in powering some of its operations
Cisco
Cisco Systems, the computer networking and routing giant, switched to Linux after vowing to use Microsoft's Active Directory solution for its servers
Amazon
Online book and electronics retail behemoth Amazon.com is said to "use Linux in nearly every corner of its business",
Wikipedia
Popular online encyclopedia Wikipedia is another staunch supporter of Linux, having switched to Ubuntu in 2008 after a lengthy tenure using Red Hat and Fedora prior to that.
Sony Playstation 3
While Linux is not pre-installed on the PS3, it was designed to allow easy installation of it and Gamespot revealed in 2006 that "Terra Soft Solutions is now making Yellow Dog Linux 5.0 available for download for the PS3."
Mobile Internet Devices
Yet another area Linux has conquered are the mobile Internet devices or MIDs, such as the Nokia’s N800 and N810, in which Intel sees a lot of prospects for the future. They actually run Ubuntu.
Cell Phones
Is that a Motorola RAZR you are using? Or is it a ROCKR? Maybe it’s a T-Mobile G1? Or is it a nokia series? I am sorry, but you are already using Linux in your cell phone. Shocked? Please don’t be. While you have to close all your programs to free up memory on your cell phone in Windows devices, your Linux handset takes care of it automatically, and brings that famous server reliability to your handset
FACE BOOK:
Nothing to get suprised The frame work of facebook is devoloped in "ruby on rails" an open source framework.It means nearly 57 percent of the world's population is depending on open source with out knowing that they are!
Friday, September 17, 2010
WHY MR.VIRUS CANNOT CONQUER THE MIGHTY LINUX.
The following are main reasons why virus have failed to invade the Linux operating system
1. Linux does not execute any file automatically, hence virus cannot execute when we start a program.
2. The kernel of Linux is re-bootable, hence each and every time a fresh configuration is loaded.
3. No virus has been programmed for Linux system. All the viruses are majorly coded to target the windows.
4. Linux provides security by halting auto executable files.
5. Linux has an inbuilt firewall.
1. Linux does not execute any file automatically, hence virus cannot execute when we start a program.
2. The kernel of Linux is re-bootable, hence each and every time a fresh configuration is loaded.
3. No virus has been programmed for Linux system. All the viruses are majorly coded to target the windows.
4. Linux provides security by halting auto executable files.
5. Linux has an inbuilt firewall.
EMACSPEAK
To grasp the accessibility benefits of Linux’s text-only interface, a look at Emacspeak should be taken .Emacspeak a speech interface enables visually impaired computer users to work independently and efficiently with the computer.
Emacspeak perfectly exemplifies the leveraging that's possible by making use of Linux's fully developed text-only environment. Emacs is far more than a text editor; over the years, it has acquired so many accretions that it can function quite nicely as a mail reader, calendar and scheduling program, Internet browser, and much more.
Emacspeak gives Emacs the consistent keyboard input design that people with limited vision require, and its consistent, comprehensive implementation of speech synthesis doesn't leave users in the lurch. With Emacspeak, people with limited or no vision can quickly become successful and competent users of e-mail, the Internet, and text-based documents. Emacs can also function as a text-based interface to the bash shell, which means that users can harness the full power of thousands of console mode programs and utilities.
Emacspeak perfectly exemplifies the leveraging that's possible by making use of Linux's fully developed text-only environment. Emacs is far more than a text editor; over the years, it has acquired so many accretions that it can function quite nicely as a mail reader, calendar and scheduling program, Internet browser, and much more.
Emacspeak gives Emacs the consistent keyboard input design that people with limited vision require, and its consistent, comprehensive implementation of speech synthesis doesn't leave users in the lurch. With Emacspeak, people with limited or no vision can quickly become successful and competent users of e-mail, the Internet, and text-based documents. Emacs can also function as a text-based interface to the bash shell, which means that users can harness the full power of thousands of console mode programs and utilities.
FOSS-WHATS IT?
Most simply, the term "Free and Open Source" means the availability of a piece of Software's Source code. However, there is much more to Open Source than handing out code - it is a set of principles and practices on how Software is written. Software developed with these ideas in mind benefit from many positive aspects of the process, and, properly utilized, can improve the efficiency and impact of many institutions in society. How, you ask? An excellent question - let's explore....
The first and most apparent benefit for most about Open Source Software is the price - or rather, the absence thereof. This makes Open Source products easy to obtain, risk-Free to try for an infinite duration, and eliminates the need for complicated, often frustratingly arbitrary registration procedures that accompany Software licensing. While there are a number of Open Source licenses - the most prevalent of which is the GPL - they are alike in their preservation of Freedom for the user, and their insurance of the Freedom of any "derivative works" which may (and often do) come from an Open Source development model. The user - be it an individual, a non-profit organization, a corporation - is permitted to use the Software in whatever manner desired, to install it on as many different devices as desired, and to modify it however may be desired.
How does this end-user Freedom benefit, say, an educational institution or a city government? This means that Open Source Software, for these groups, is not only virtually Free to obtain, to use, and to keep using - it is also Free from any interests other than those of the organization, and customizable to whatever specific needs may arise. This is a powerful idea - with commercial, proprietary Software, organizations are hindered in so many ways; bound by the profit-driven Software company. Open Source Software is Free from all of this corporate interest - focus is placed on developing Software for the end user, not the financial need of any one entity.
The first and most apparent benefit for most about Open Source Software is the price - or rather, the absence thereof. This makes Open Source products easy to obtain, risk-Free to try for an infinite duration, and eliminates the need for complicated, often frustratingly arbitrary registration procedures that accompany Software licensing. While there are a number of Open Source licenses - the most prevalent of which is the GPL - they are alike in their preservation of Freedom for the user, and their insurance of the Freedom of any "derivative works" which may (and often do) come from an Open Source development model. The user - be it an individual, a non-profit organization, a corporation - is permitted to use the Software in whatever manner desired, to install it on as many different devices as desired, and to modify it however may be desired.
How does this end-user Freedom benefit, say, an educational institution or a city government? This means that Open Source Software, for these groups, is not only virtually Free to obtain, to use, and to keep using - it is also Free from any interests other than those of the organization, and customizable to whatever specific needs may arise. This is a powerful idea - with commercial, proprietary Software, organizations are hindered in so many ways; bound by the profit-driven Software company. Open Source Software is Free from all of this corporate interest - focus is placed on developing Software for the end user, not the financial need of any one entity.
Friday, June 25, 2010
TOP MOST COMMANDS IN LINUX
***ansi2knr - convert ANSI C to Kernighan & Ritchie C***
***apm - query Advanced Power Management (APM) BIOS***
***apmsleep - go into suspend or standby mode and wake-up later***
***asciitopgm - convert ASCII graphics into a portable graymap***
***ash - command interpreter (shell)***
***attr - extended attributes on XFS filesystem objects***
***backend - cups backend transmission interfaces***
***basename - strip directory and suffix from filenames***
***bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell***
***bashbug - report a bug in bash***
FOR MORE REFFERECE VISIT THE FOLLOWING LINK
***apm - query Advanced Power Management (APM) BIOS***
***apmsleep - go into suspend or standby mode and wake-up later***
***asciitopgm - convert ASCII graphics into a portable graymap***
***ash - command interpreter (shell)***
***attr - extended attributes on XFS filesystem objects***
***backend - cups backend transmission interfaces***
***basename - strip directory and suffix from filenames***
***bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell***
***bashbug - report a bug in bash***
FOR MORE REFFERECE VISIT THE FOLLOWING LINK
WML
***Wireless Markup Language, based on XML, is a markup language intended for devices that implement the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) specification, such as mobile phones, and preceded the use of other markup languages now used with WAP, such as HTML/XHTML***
STRUCTURE
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml" >
***Wireless Markup Language is a lot like HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) in that it provides navigational support, data input, hyperlinks, text and image presentation, and forms. A WML document is known as a “deck”. Data in the deck is structured into one or more “cards” (pages) – each of which represents a single interaction with the user.***
***The introduction of the terms "deck" and "card" into the internet and mobile phone communities was a result of the user interface software and its interaction with wireless communications services having to comply with the requirements of the laws of two or more nation***
***WML decks are stored on an ordinary web server trivially configured to serve the text/vnd.wap.wml MIME type in addition to plain HTML and variants. The WML cards when requested by a device are accessed by a bridge WAP gateway, which sits between mobile devices and the World Wide Web, passing pages from one to the other much like a proxy.***
STRUCTURE
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml" >
This is a sample WML page.
***Wireless Markup Language is a lot like HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) in that it provides navigational support, data input, hyperlinks, text and image presentation, and forms. A WML document is known as a “deck”. Data in the deck is structured into one or more “cards” (pages) – each of which represents a single interaction with the user.***
***The introduction of the terms "deck" and "card" into the internet and mobile phone communities was a result of the user interface software and its interaction with wireless communications services having to comply with the requirements of the laws of two or more nation***
***WML decks are stored on an ordinary web server trivially configured to serve the text/vnd.wap.wml MIME type in addition to plain HTML and variants. The WML cards when requested by a device are accessed by a bridge WAP gateway, which sits between mobile devices and the World Wide Web, passing pages from one to the other much like a proxy.***
WHAT WEB 2.0 LACKS
***"Web 2.0" does not represent a new version of the World Wide Web at all, but merely continues to use so-called "Web 1.0" technologies and concepts.***
***First, techniques such as AJAX do not replace underlying protocols like HTTP, but add an additional layer of abstraction on top of them.***
***Second, many of the ideas of Web 2.0 had already been featured in implementations on networked systems well before the term "Web 2.0" emerged. Amazon.com, for instance, has allowed users to write reviews and consumer guides since its launch in 1995, in a form of self-publishing. Amazon also opened its API to outside developers in 2002***
***Other critics labeled Web 2.0 “a second bubble” (referring to the Dot-com bubble of circa 1995–2001), suggesting that too many Web 2.0 companies attempt to develop the same product with a lack of business models. For example, The Economist has dubbed the mid- to late-2000s focus on Web companies "Bubble 2.0".***
ANROID O.S
***Android is Google's operating system for mobile devices. It is a competitor to Apple's iOS for the iphone***
***Android includes middleware and key applications and uses a modified version of the Linux kerne***
***he Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java based object oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager.***
Android Developer Challenge
***The Android Developer Challenge was a competition for the most innovative application for Android. Google offered prizes totaling 10 million US dollars, distributed between ADC I and ADC II. ADC I accepted submissions from 2 January to 14 April 2008. The 50 most promising entries, announced on 12 May 2008, each received a $25,000 award to fund further development***
***Android includes middleware and key applications and uses a modified version of the Linux kerne***
***he Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java based object oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager.***
Android Developer Challenge
***The Android Developer Challenge was a competition for the most innovative application for Android. Google offered prizes totaling 10 million US dollars, distributed between ADC I and ADC II. ADC I accepted submissions from 2 January to 14 April 2008. The 50 most promising entries, announced on 12 May 2008, each received a $25,000 award to fund further development***
MASHUP
***A mashup is a Web page or application that uses and combines data, presentation or functionality from two or more sources to create new services.***
***Mashups can be considered to have an active role in the evolution of social software and Web 2.0. Mashups composition tools are usually simple enough to be used by end-users. They generally do not require programming skills, they rather support visual wiring of GUI widgets, services and components together. Therefore, these tools contribute to a new vision of the Web, where users are able to contribute.***
Types of mashups
1.Business mashups
2.Consumer mashups
3.Data mashups
Data types
1.Indexed data (documents, weblogs, images, videos, shopping articles, jobs ...) used by Metasearch engines
2.Cartographic and geographic data: Geolocation software, Geovisualization
3.Feeds, podcasts: News Aggregator
Functions
1.Data converters : Language translators, Speech processing, URL shorteners...
2.Communication: E-mail, Instant messaging, notification...
3.Visual data rendering: Information visualization, diagrams
4.Security related : electronic payment systems, ID identification.
***Mashups can be considered to have an active role in the evolution of social software and Web 2.0. Mashups composition tools are usually simple enough to be used by end-users. They generally do not require programming skills, they rather support visual wiring of GUI widgets, services and components together. Therefore, these tools contribute to a new vision of the Web, where users are able to contribute.***
Types of mashups
1.Business mashups
2.Consumer mashups
3.Data mashups
Data types
1.Indexed data (documents, weblogs, images, videos, shopping articles, jobs ...) used by Metasearch engines
2.Cartographic and geographic data: Geolocation software, Geovisualization
3.Feeds, podcasts: News Aggregator
Functions
1.Data converters : Language translators, Speech processing, URL shorteners...
2.Communication: E-mail, Instant messaging, notification...
3.Visual data rendering: Information visualization, diagrams
4.Security related : electronic payment systems, ID identification.
NEURAL NETWORKS
***Traditionally, the term neural network had been used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons***
***The modern usage of the term often refers to artificial neural networks, which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes. Thus the term has two distinct usages:
1.Biological neural networks are made up of real biological neurons that are connected or functionally related in the peripheral nervous system or the central nervous system. In the field of neuroscience, they are often identified as groups of neurons that perform a specific physiological function in laboratory analysis.
2.Artificial neural networks are made up of interconnecting artificial neurons (programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons). Artificial neural networks may either be used to gain an understanding of biological neural networks, or for solving artificial intelligence problems without necessarily creating a model of a real biological system. The real, biological nervous system is highly complex and includes some features that may seem superfluous based on an understanding of artificial networks.***
The brain, neural networks and computers
***Neural networks, as used in artificial intelligence, have traditionally been viewed as simplified models of neural processing in the brain, even though the relation between this model and brain biological architecture is debated.***
***A subject of current research in theoretical neuroscience is the question surrounding the degree of complexity and the properties that individual neural elements should have to reproduce something resembling animal intelligence***
***Neural coding is concerned with how sensory and other information is represented in the brain by neurons. The main goal of studying neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses and the relationship among electrical activity of the neurons in the ensemble [2]. It is thought that neurons can encode both digital and analog informatio***
Neural networks and neuroscience
***Theoretical and computational neuroscience is the field concerned with the theoretical analysis and computational modeling of biological neural systems. Since neural systems are intimately related to cognitive processes and behaviour, the field is closely related to cognitive and behavioural modeling.***
***The aim of the field is to create models of biological neural systems in order to understand how biological systems work. To gain this understanding, neuroscientists strive to make a link between observed biological processes (data), biologically plausible mechanisms for neural processing and learning (biological neural network models) and theory (statistical learning theory and information***
RUBY ON RAILS
***Ruby on Rails, often shortened to Rails or RoR, is an open source web application framework for the Ruby programming language. It is intended to be used with an Agile development methodology that is used by web developers for rapid development***
***Like many web frameworks, Rails uses the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture pattern to organize application programming***
***Ruby on Rails is separated into various packages, namely ActiveRecord (an object-relational mapping system for database access), ActiveResource (provides web services), ActionPack, ActiveSupport and ActionMailer. Prior to version 2.0, Rails also included the Action Web Service package that is now replaced by Active Resource. Apart from standard packages, developers can make plugins to extend existing packages***
AJAX
***Ajax s a group of interrelated web development techniques used on the client-side to create interactive web applications. With Ajax, web applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously in the background without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. The use of Ajax techniques has led to an increase in interactive or dynamic interfaces on web pages. Data is usually retrieved using the XMLHttpRequest object. Despite the name, the use of XML is not actually required, nor do the requests need to be asynchronous***
***The term Ajax has come to represent a broad group of web technologies that can be used to implement a web application that communicates with a server in the background, without interfering with the current state of the page.***
***Jesse James Garrett explained that the following technologies are required:
-HTML or XHTML and CSS for presentation
-The Document Object Model for dynamic display of and interaction with data
-XML for the interchange of data, and XSLT for its manipulation
-The XMLHttpRequest object for asynchronous communication
-JavaScript to bring these technologies together.***
***The term Ajax has come to represent a broad group of web technologies that can be used to implement a web application that communicates with a server in the background, without interfering with the current state of the page.***
***Jesse James Garrett explained that the following technologies are required:
-HTML or XHTML and CSS for presentation
-The Document Object Model for dynamic display of and interaction with data
-XML for the interchange of data, and XSLT for its manipulation
-The XMLHttpRequest object for asynchronous communication
-JavaScript to bring these technologies together.***
MAC OS X
***WHATS MAC X***
Mac OS X is the tenth major version of Apple's operating system for Macintosh computers. Previous Macintosh operating systems were named using Arabic numerals, e.g. Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9. The letter X in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a Roman numeral.
Mac OS X introduced a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, Mac OS 9. For example, pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other.
The most visible change was the Aqua theme. The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes – similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs – brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what OS 9 and OS X Server 1.0's "Platinum" appearance had offered. According to John Siracusa, an editor of Ars Technica, the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks.
***IMAGES***
SOLARIS INSTALLATION
***Usage with installation
Solaris can be installed from physical media or a network for use on a desktop or server.
Solaris can be interactively installed from a text console on platforms without a video display and mouse. This may be selected for servers, in a rack, in a remote data center, from a terminal server or even dial up modem.
Solaris can be interactively installed from a graphical console. This may be selected for personal workstations or laptops, in a local area, where a console may normally be used.
Solaris can be automatically installed over a network. System administrators can customize installations with scripts and configuration files, including configuration and automatic installation of third-party software, without purchasing additional software management utilities.
When Solaris is installed, the operating system will reside on the same system where the installation occurred. Applications may be individually installed on the local system, or can be mounted via the network from a remote system.
Solaris can be installed from physical media or a network for use on a desktop or server.
Solaris can be interactively installed from a text console on platforms without a video display and mouse. This may be selected for servers, in a rack, in a remote data center, from a terminal server or even dial up modem.
Solaris can be interactively installed from a graphical console. This may be selected for personal workstations or laptops, in a local area, where a console may normally be used.
Solaris can be automatically installed over a network. System administrators can customize installations with scripts and configuration files, including configuration and automatic installation of third-party software, without purchasing additional software management utilities.
When Solaris is installed, the operating system will reside on the same system where the installation occurred. Applications may be individually installed on the local system, or can be mounted via the network from a remote system.
FOSS
***Free and open source software, also F/OSS, FOSS, or FLOSS s software that is liberally licensed to grant the right of users to use, study, change, and improve its design through the availability of its source code. This approach has gained both momentum and acceptance as the potential benefits have been increasingly recognized by both individuals and corporate players.***
***The first known use of the phrase "free open source software" on Usenet was in a posting on 18 March 1998, just a month after the term "open source" itself was coined.***
***The first known use of the phrase "free open source software" on Usenet was in a posting on 18 March 1998, just a month after the term "open source" itself was coined.***
WINDOWS 7 KEYS
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Thursday, June 24, 2010
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